Thursday, 01 May 2025 |
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Never see Ash'ariyyah in the same light, ever again! Aristotle of Stageira, Philo of Alexandria, Augustine of Hippo, the Sabeans of Harraan, the Mu'tazilites of Basrah and Baghdad and the Jahmite Ash'ari Heretics of Today Claiming Orthodoxy. Read the first article, the second article, the third article, the fourth article, the fifth article.
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The foundational principle of the deen of the Jahmiyyah, Mu'tazilah, Ash'ariyyah and Maturidiyyah is their proof for the rational demonstration of the createdness of the universe, which in turn proves the Creator. This is the basis of their religion. For more details on this, you need to read this article.
Shaykh ul-Islaam Ibn Taymiyyah said in his book "an-Nubuwwaat" - a refutation of al-Baqillani on some of his views on the subject of Prophethood and Miracles - so he said in Volume 1, page 255 (tahqeeq by at-Tawiyaan):
What is this evidence? It is the evidence that demonstrates the created nature of the universe through the use of basic underlying notions (borrowed from the Greek philosophers) such as Aristotle's substance (jawhar) and accident ('arad), and the Atomism theory (the indivisible particle). And it is called "hudooth ul-ajsaam", a specific and intricate rational demonstration of the createdness of the universe that these people made binding. We have covered this elsewhere and you should go through this article where it is mentioned in more detail.
And this became the foundational principle of the entire religion to these people (the Jahmiyyah, Mu'tazilah, Ash'ariyyah and Maturidiyyah) - and around this foundational principle did they build their formulation of their creed - and thus they fell into what they fell into. And when they say "Usool ud-Deen", the foundations of the religion, this is what they mean by it - the rational validation of their faith, and in this they have simply "borrowed" or been influenced by the Mu'tazilah - with subsidiary differences that they argue upon. The verifier (of "an-Nubuwwaat") brings some quotations from the Ash'arite Mutakallimoon (Theologians) in the notes and a quote from Abu Mansoor al-Maaatureedee: From al-Maatureedee in "at-Tawheed" (p. 129):
And what they mean here is their Kalaam theology, what they have laid down as being the rational demonstration of the createdness of the universe. And Abu Hamid al-Ghazaalee in "Tahaafut al-Falaasifah" (p.197):
And as-Saawee says in "Sharh Jawharat ut-Tawheed" (p.61):
He means a person who does not inspect and look at this rational proof of theirs by way of the createdness of bodies through the demonstration of a'raad (incidental attributes) and hawaadith (events, occurrences). And Abu Bakr al-Baqillani makes this "nadhar" (argument by way of rational evidence through inspection) to be the first obligation, and he declares it obligatory upon each person to know the specifics of this rational demonstration, as occurs in his book "al-Insaaf" and also in "at-Tamheed". And Ibn Fawrak (another prominent Ash'ari Scholar) holds it to be obligatory as indicated in the book "ash-Shaamil Fee Usool ud-Deen", as does Abu Ishaaq al-Isfaraa'eenee in the book "Sharh ul-Maqaasid". And Abdul-Qahir al-Baghdadi, another prominent Ash'ari scholar makes the rational and intellectual inspection to be a condition for the validity of a person's faith. He says in "Usool ud-Deen" (p.269):
And al-Juwaynee (al-Imaam ul-Haramayn) says in "ash-Shaamil Fee Usool id-Deen" (p. 115):
And what they mean by inspection and deduction of evidence is their rational demonstration, through their rational proof of al-Jawhar al-Fard. This view is held by the majority of the Ash'arite Theologians - and there others who do not hold it to be obligatory or a condition of the validity of faith, but it is a position held by the majority of them. And some of them speak of the disbelief (kufr) of the one who does not go into this inspection and deduction of evidence, whilst having had time to do that. Al-Juwaynee says in "ash-Shaamil fee Usool id-Deen" (p. 122):
So some of them went to extremes as you can see.
Ibn Hajr al-Asqalani's Refutation of the Ash'aris on This Issue Ibn Hajr al-Asqalani documented this view of the Ash'aris and refuted it with just a single verse and hadeeth. You can see that here. And Abu Ja'far as-Simnaanee, a prominent Ash'ari, turned away from the above view of the Ash'arites as Ibn Hajr explains, and he held on to this verse and hadeeth as proof to show that the ma'rifah (innate knowledge) of Allaah is in the fitrah already, and thus a person with intact sound fitrah does not need the rational demonstration that the Mu'tazilites and Ash'arites concocted. And Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani quotes the saying of as-Simnaanee (Fath ul-Baree 13/97):
Imaam an-Nawawee's Refutation of the Asha'rite Theologians on This Issue Commenting on the hadeeth, "I have been ordered to fight the people until they testify that there is none worthy of worship except Allaah (alone) and until they believe in me and what I have brought..." (Saheeh Muslim), an-Nawawee says in his Sharh of Saheeh Muslim (1/210-211):
So it is apparent that the Ash'aris simply "borrowed" (again) from the Mu'tazilah, or were influenced by them in their foundations. And this is why it is said, the Ash'ariyyah are the effeminates (eunuchs) of the Mu'tazilah - being neither here nor there. And amongst themselves they differ in the details of this foundational principle of their madhhab - the issue of an-nadhar wal-istidlaal and their rational demonstration through "hudooth ul-ajsaam".
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